Diabetic cardiovascular disease

Table of Contents

• Summary 3
• Basics 4
  • Definition 4
  • Epidemiology 4
  • Aetiology 4
  • Pathophysiology 4
• Prevention 6
  • Primary prevention 6
  • Screening 6
  • Secondary prevention 7
• Diagnosis 8
  • Case history 8
  • Step-by-step diagnostic approach 8
  • Risk factors 11
  • History & examination factors 13
  • Diagnostic tests 15
  • Differential diagnosis 17
  • Diagnostic criteria 18
• Treatment 19
  • Step-by-step treatment approach 19
  • Treatment details overview 25
  • Treatment options 27
  • Emerging 36
• Follow up 37
  • Recommendations 37
  • Complications 38
  • Prognosis 38
• Guidelines 40
  • Diagnostic guidelines 40
  • Treatment guidelines 41
• Online resources 44
• Evidence scores 45
• References 47
• Disclaimer 62

Summary

◊ Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke account for about two-thirds of deaths in people with diabetes. 

◊ People with diabetes have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of CVD and are up to 3 times more likely to die after MI than people without diabetes. 

◊ Regular exercise training, individual dietary modification, and smoking cessation or non-initiation are important lifestyle changes for the primary prevention of CVD. 

◊ Aggressive treatment of hypertension, use of statins, preventive anticoagulation, and coronary revascularisation (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery during episodes of acute coronary syndrome) can lead to improved survival.