Table of Contents

• Summary 3
• Basics 4
  • Definition 4
  • Epidemiology 4
  • Aetiology 4
  • Pathophysiology 5
  • Classification 5
• Prevention 7
  • Primary prevention 7
  • Secondary prevention 7
• Diagnosis 9
  • Case history 9
  • Step-by-step diagnostic approach 9
  • Risk factors 12
  • History & examination factors 13
  • Diagnostic tests 14
  • Differential diagnosis 16
  • Diagnostic criteria 17
• Treatment 19
  • Step-by-step treatment approach 19
  • Treatment details overview 23
  • Treatment options 27
  • Emerging 59
• Follow up 60
  • Recommendations 60
  • Complications 60
  • Prognosis 61
• Guidelines 62
  • Diagnostic guidelines 62
  • Treatment guidelines 62
• Online resources 64
• References 65
• Images 71
• Disclaimer 79

Summary

◊ Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke account for about two-thirds of deaths in people with
diabetes.

◊ People with diabetes have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of CVD and are up to 3 times more likely to
die after MI than people without diabetes.

◊ Regular exercise training, individual dietary modification, and smoking cessation or non-initiation are
important lifestyle changes for the primary prevention of CVD.

◊ Aggressive treatment of hypertension, use of statins, preventive anticoagulation, and coronary
revascularisation (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery
during episodes of acute coronary syndrome) can lead to improved survival.